In the early s, Dr. Folkers began to work with two cardiologists and a post-doctoral research fellow to test the effects of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation of heart disease patients. These three researchers were pioneers in the adjuvant treatment of heart disease with Coenzyme Q In and , Dr. Mortensen and Dr. With their tissue data, Dr. Folkers and Dr. Mortensen were beginning to establish a biochemical rationale for the adjuvant treatment of heart failure patients with Coenzyme Q10 supplements [22].
Briefly, the New York Heart Association classes, widely used in the diagnosis of heart failure patients, describe patients as follows:. Folkers started slowly, testing the effects of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in heart disease patients in open-label trials, studies in which both the researchers and the patients knew who was getting the active substance and when he was getting it [66].
The researchers gave milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 daily to patients with advanced heart failure. All of the patients had been showing an unsatisfactory response to the conventional medical treatment using diuretics and digitalis. The researchers followed the progress of the patients receiving the Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for seven months. When the patients were on the Coenzyme Q10, their symptoms — early fatigue, shortness of breath — improved.
When the Coenzyme Q10 treatments were discontinued, the patients suffered relapses. This study provided some of the first empirical evidence of the effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in advanced cases of heart failure.
By , Dr. Folkers had amassed enough clinical evidence from blood samples, heart biopsy tissue samples, and measurements of cardiac function that they could publish a list of clinical benefits of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation of heart failure patients with corresponding biochemical correlates, all of which suggested, in their words, a scientific breakthrough in the management of chronic heart failure [65].
Per Langsjoen of Tyler, Texas, and Dr. Folkers published the results of double-blind studies showing statistically significant beneficial effects of supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 [47,48]. The researchers enrolled 19 of Dr. All of the 19 patients had low or borderline concentrations of Coenzyme Q10 in their blood. All of the patients showed a statistically significant increase in their blood CoQ10 levels during the period of supplementation with the active substance and not in the period with the placebo substance.
One group of patients received first Coenzyme Q10 for 12 weeks and, then, after a washout period, placebo for 12 weeks. The other group received first placebo for 12 weeks, and, then, after a washout period, Coenzyme Q10 for 12 weeks. The researchers monitored the blood levels of Coenzyme Q10 and aspects of cardiac function at points 0, 4, 16, and 28 weeks. In particular, the researchers recorded significant improvements in the following parameters:.
Langsjoen and Folkers attributed the significant improvement to the role of Coenzyme Q10 in the bioenergetics in the heart muscle cells. Coincidentally, , the year of the publication of the double-blind study results by Dr.
Per Langsjoen and Dr. Folkers was the year that Dr. Peter H. Langsjoen began his career in cardiology. Langsjoen and Dr. Folkers compiled the data from heart failure patients. The patients were monitored for the following parameters: ejection fraction, cardiac output, and NYHA functional classification.
The patients with the lowest baseline ejection fractions showed the highest increases, but also those patients with higher baseline ejection fractions showed increases with the Coenzyme Q10 therapy.
There were also significant improvements in NYHA classifications: 17 of 21 patients in class IV, 52 of 62 patients in class III, and 4 of 5 patients in class II improved their status to a lower functional class. Langsjoen father , Dr. Langsjoen son , and Dr.
Langsjoen and Littarru: Concerns about the relationship between statin medications and atherosclerosis and heart failure. Already in , Dr. Folkers and the elder Dr. Langsjoen had published research results showing that the use of the statin medication lovastatin decreases Coenzyme Q10 levels in humans [23]. Later, in , together with Dr. Gian Paolo Littarru, the younger Dr. Langsjoen published a warning about a possible causal connection between the use of statin medications and the stimulation of atherosclerosis and heart failure [57].
More on this topic later in this history. Langsjoen, a cardiologist much concerned about the effect of statin medications on his patients. In the same period of the s, Dr. William V. Judy was monitoring the progress of heart failure patients at Methodist Hospital and at St. Vincent Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. Judy reported significant improvement in heart failure symptoms and survival in studies involving 34 patients with NYHA class IV heart failure and involving patients with NYHA class III and IV heart failure when the administration of Coenzyme Q10 was added to the conventional regimen of heart failure medication [38].
Judy observed and reported on the same sort of clinical relapse and worsening of the congestive heart failure that Dr. Mortensen had reported whenever the administration of Coenzyme Q10 was discontinued. Judy reported improvement in cardiac function in patients treated with Coenzyme Q10 as compared with patients receiving placebo:. In , the American Chemical Society honored Dr.
By that time, Dr. He and his cardiologist collaborators had established a biochemical rationale for the administration of Coenzyme Q10 to heart failure patients. Bush awarded Dr. Folkers the National Medal of Science in recognition of Dr.
President George H. Bush congratulates Dr. Karl Folkers on being awarded the National Medal of Science for chemistry. Folkers and the cardiologists thought that the possible explanations for the Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in the heart muscle cells leading to the development and worsening of heart failure might be the following reasons:. In , then, Coenzyme Q10 became available as a dietary supplement in the United States and in Europe.
Until that time, Coenzyme Q10 had been available as a prescription medical drug in Japan and as a research drug in the United States and Europe. By the time that the s rolled around, Dr. Folkers himself and Dr. Littarru and Drs. Mortensen, Langsjoen, and Judy were convinced of the need for the inclusion of adjunctive treatment with Coenzyme Q10 in the guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure patients.
They thought that their clinical trial data represented a break-through. Adequate tissue concentrations of Coenzyme Q10 are necessary for the proper bio-energetic functioning of the heart muscle. The medical community, however, wanted more clinical trial evidence before it was willing to consider changing the guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
Folkers was well aware of the antioxidant activity of the Coenzyme Q10 molecule. Already in , the Swedish researcher Dr. Lars Ernster had published work on the importance of Coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant and scavenger of harmful free radicals [18]. Folkers hypothesized that the antioxidant form of Coenzyme Q10 might enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs.
He also thought that antioxidants such as Coenzyme Q10 might be useful in suppressing the activity of certain tumor-associated cytokines that otherwise help to maintain the growth of tumors.
Moreover, as Coenzyme Q10 was known to be a very safe and affordable oral supplement, Dr. Folkers saw no reason why it should not be added, experimentally, to anti-tumor medication regimens.
Hodges, Hertz, Lockwood, and Lister present a more complete explanation of Dr. Roland Stocker and research associates in Australia demonstrated that oral supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 in the ubiquinone form increases the concentration of Coenzyme Q10 in its reduced form, ubiquinol, in the plasma and in all lipoproteins [63]. Supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 thereby increases the resistance of the low-density lipoproteins to harmful radical oxidation.
Longer-term supplementation milligrams Coenzyme Q10 three times a day resulted in a fourfold increase of ubiquinol in the plasma and the LDL. To test the role of Coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant, Dr. Stocker and his colleagues induced oxidation of the low-density lipoproteins using a mild, steady flow of aqueous peroxyl radicals, which resulted immediately in a very slow formation of lipid hydroperoxides.
Stocker noted that the amount of the dose of aqueous peroxyl radicals needed to reach the breaking point in the lipid oxidation was proportional to the amount of ubiquinol already incorporated in the low-density lipoproteins Mohr. The significance of this early work by Dr. Stocker to cardiovascular disease is the belief that oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins is a crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis the build-up of plaques of fatty materials on the inner walls of the arteries.
In addition to improving the bioenergetics of the heart muscle, supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 can reduce the extent of damaging oxidative modification of the low-density lipoproteins. There were also encouraging results from Italy. The researchers believed that mitochondrial dysfunction and energy starvation in the heart muscle are what cause congestive heart failure.
They tested the hypothesis that Coenzyme Q10 adjunctive treatment could ameliorate the symptoms of heart failure. The Italian patients received two milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 per kilogram of body weight per day for a year. That meant that an average pound man received about milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 per day.
The researchers found that Coenzyme Q10 supplementation, when added to conventional therapy, resulted in significantly fewer cases of pulmonary edema and cardiac asthma, significantly fewer serious complications, and significantly fewer hospitalizations. In many respects, the results of the Morisco study foretold the results of the Q-Symbio study.
The results of the largest clinical trial to date — the Italian multi-center study enrolling heart failure patients in NYHA classes II and III in an open-label study conducted in Italian heart centers — were also published in [8]. To the conventional treatment with digitalis, diuretics, and vasodilators, the researchers added a daily dose of Coenzyme Q10 in the range from milligrams.
The Italian researchers regarded heart failure as a condition of energy depletion in the heart muscle, and they tested the clinical efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 adjunctive treatment in heart failure. At the end of the study, three out of every four patients showed improvement in one or more of the following symptoms:. In addition, five out of every eight patients showed an improvement in arrhythmia. Less than one percent of the participants in the three-month-long study experienced any side effects, and not all of those side effects — nausea, gastrointestinal disturbance, rash — could be linked to the Coenzyme Q10 treatment.
At some point in the mids, Dr. Folkers decided that he was sufficiently convinced by the available evidence. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation added on to conventional medical therapy does significantly improve the cardiac function and the quality of life and survival of heart failure patients. Folkers was ready, he said, to move on to research involving Coenzyme Q10 and cancer patients. Abnormally low levels of Coenzyme Q10 in the cells could conceivably disrupt the normal functioning of the cells, could result in abnormal patterns of cell division, and could possibly result in the development of tumors.
In the back of his mind, Dr. Folkers was remembering the animal studies done by another of his early collaborators, Dr. Emile Bliznakov. Bliznakov had shown a number of thought-provoking results:. Basically, Dr. Bliznakov had demonstrated, in animals, that there is a positive association between aging and depressed Coenzyme Q10 levels and depressed immune response and that Coenzyme Q10 supplementation boosts immune response.
Studies of human cancer patients in both Sweden and the United States had revealed abnormally low levels of blood Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in patients suffering from breast, lung, and pancreas cancer. Folkers was impatient to initiate augmentative Coenzyme Q10 treatment to cancer patients. During a five-year period in the s, in close collaboration with Dr.
Folkers and Sven Moesgaard, the Danish doctor Knud Lockwood treated 32 women with breast cancer with a therapeutic formulation that included milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 daily — a high level at that time — and various antioxidant vitamins and minerals and omega -3 and omega -6 fatty acids [58,59].
Eli Wallin and Sven Moesgaard of Pharma Nord provided the Coenzyme Q10 and the other antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids used in the breast cancer study. Left to right: Sven Moesgaard, Dr. Karl Folkers, and Dr. Lockwood treated the 32 high-risk breast cancer patients whose cancer had spread to their lymph nodes with the antioxidant nutritional supplementation added on to the conventional protocol of breast cancer therapy such as Tamoxifen [59].
The results of the Coenzyme Q10 and antioxidant adjunctive treatment can be summarized in the following way:. Its sample size was small.
Folkers was determined to find funding for a randomized controlled trial of adjunctive Coenzyme Q10 treatment for cancer patients. Such a clinical trial would have focused not only on remission and survival but also on quality of life and the lessening of the adverse side effects of anti-cancer drugs. It would have tested the use of even higher daily dosages of Coenzyme Q The last cancer management study that Dr.
Folkers participated in was a study of the effect of the treatment of prostate cancer with Coenzyme Q He did a series of three open-label prostate cancer studies in collaboration with Dr. William Judy. The use of Coenzyme Q10 was positively associated with stopping the growth and the spread of prostate cancer. The younger patients appeared to be more responsive than the older patients. Folkers was so excited by the results of the ANICA study and the prostate cancer studies that he went to Denmark, Sweden, and Finland to find the funding to continue these studies.
Folkers spent the final year of his life in trying to set up cancer research protocols in Denmark, Sweden, and the United States. Left to right: Dr. Josef Mainz, Dr. Magnus Nylander, Sven Moesgaard, Dr. As early as the s, Japanese researchers had seen toxic effects of the cancer drug Adriamycin doxorubicin on the heart muscle.
They had noticed that patients taking an adjuvant Coenzyme Q10 therapy suffered less damage to the heart muscle. Judy and Dr. Folkers and a team of researchers did a study in which they investigated the effects of Coenzyme Q10 adjunctive treatment in lung cancer patients who were being treated with Adriamycin [40]. The treatment group received the Adriamycin plus Coenzyme Q The control group received Adriamycin and a placebo.
The Coenzyme Q10 treatment group was able to take twice as much Adriamycin with little or no evidence of cardio-toxicity. The control group had a significant loss in cardiac ejection fraction and significant left ventricular dysfunction. Participants in the control group, the group not being supplemented with Coenzyme Q10, had to stop taking Adriamycin because of worsening heart failure.
Mortensen was not the only person in Denmark whom Dr. Folkers was urging to do more and better research. Their first product, launched in , was a Bio-Selenium and Zinc preparation, consisting of micrograms of organic selenium and 15 milligrams of zinc.
Selenium was an important nutritional supplement in northern Europe, which has generally selenium-poor soils and selenium-poor foods. Selenium is a co-factor in several important antioxidant enzymes, it regulates thyroid function, and it may help to reduce the risk of various cancers.
Zinc is also a component in many enzyme activities and helps to strengthen the immune system. Moreover, there seems to be an important synergistic relationship between Coenzyme Q10 and selenium in the body. Selenium deficiencies can inhibit the cells from getting optimal concentrations of Coenzyme Q10, and, adequate concentrations of Coenzyme Q10 must be available for the cells to benefit from optimal selenium function [5]. The crystalline Coenzyme Q10 in raw material form will not completely dissociate to single molecules in a lipid at body temperature.
The crystalline Coenzyme Q10 raw material will completely dissociate to single Coenzyme Q10 molecules in a lipid only at a temperature of 10 degrees centigrade above body temperature.
Because humans cannot absorb Coenzyme Q10 crystals and cannot live with a body temperature of 47 degrees centigrade, producers of Coenzyme Q10 capsules must necessarily use a heat treatment on the Coenzyme Q10 raw material to dissolve the crystalline raw material. Realizing the central importance of Coenzyme Q10 in the process of cellular bioenergetics and in the antioxidant protection of the cells, the directors of Pharma Nord began to experiment to find the best way to take the yeast-fermented Coenzyme Q10 raw material and dissolve it in oils to make it more easily absorbed.
Coenzyme Q10 is, after all, a highly fat-soluble substance, its crystals need a higher temperature than body temperature to dissolve, and the absorption cells in the small intestine cannot absorb crystals.
The formulation of the Coenzyme Q10 preparation is not easy to get right. Eli Wallin and Sven Moesgaard wanted to sell only those products that they themselves wanted to take, and they had no interest in taking a nutritional supplement with a poor absorption rate. So, they knew that they had their work cut out for them. Even before they could think about doing studies of the health effects of Bio-Quinone, they needed to do absorption and bio-availability studies.
Sven Moesgaard and Eli Wallin of Pharma Nord — making products that they themselves wanted to take based on solid research results. The concept of absorption in the context of the oral supplement Coenzyme Q10 refers to the amount of Coenzyme Q10 that passes from the mouth to the stomach to the small intestine and through the absorption cells of the small intestine into the lymph and then into the blood.
Typically, after absorption, the ingested Coenzyme Q10 passes slowly through the lymph and reaches a peak concentration in the blood between 5 and 8 hours later. It is only from a single-dose study that the percentage of the ingested dose can be used to calculate the percentage of the dose that has been absorbed. Bioavailability is generally defined as the degree to which or the rate at which a substance is absorbed or becomes available at the site in the body where it exerts its physiological activity.
The concept of bioavailability refers to the accumulation storage of the Coenzyme Q10 in the blood over time. Bioavailability is typically measured at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days over an interval of extended supplementation with a set daily dosage. The crystalline dry powder Coenzyme Q10 forms generally have an absorption of less than one percent. Dry powder Coenzyme Q10 suspended in oils generally has an absorption between 1.
The crystal-free Coenzyme Q10 products generally have an absorption at Cmax of 5 to 8 percent. By contrast, injected substances not Coenzyme Q10 will have percent bioavailability. However, the nutritional supplement Coenzyme Q10 is taken orally. As such, it will not have the percent bioavailability. Oral Coenzyme Q10, because of the difficulties involved in its absorption, falls far short of percent bioavailability. Folkers and Sven Moesgaard published the results of a one-year bioavailability study of Bio-Quinone Q10 [25].
The researchers gave 21 healthy participants 30 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 three times a day for nine months. There then followed a withdrawal period of three months. The researchers took blood samples from the participants before the start of the supplementation, after three months and nine months of supplementation, and, again, three months after the withdrawal of supplementation.
The mean blood Coenzyme Q10 levels dropped back down to the pretreatment levels after withdrawal. The increase in the blood Coenzyme Q10 concentration was statistically significant. Mortensen and a team of researchers investigated the bioavailability of four different Coenzyme Q10 preparations in a randomized, four-way, cross-over study [90]. Then, in , Danish researchers investigated the absorption of dietary Coenzyme Q10 ingested either as a single milligram dose of Bio-Quinone Q10 or as a meal of cooked pork heart containing 30 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 [89].
Both methods significantly raised the serum Coenzyme Q10 levels in the study participants. There was no significant difference between the increases in absorption of the two methods. The point of listing and summarizing the above early absorption and bioavailability studies is to show that Pharma Nord is a company that has been around from the beginning and has been willing to do the research.
In this, the influence of Dr. Mortensen on Eli Wallin and Sven Moesgaard can be seen very clearly. Sven Moesgaard and Dr. Karl Folkers right — Dr. Folkers met frequently with Sven Moesgaard and constantly urged him to do more research on the absorption and effects of Coenzyme Q Pushed by Dr.
Folkers, Pharma Nord did more research on the effects of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation than any other producer. In the s alone, under the guidance of Sven Moesgaard, the company achieved research results that are relevant even today:. Bodo Kuklinski, Director of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center for Environmental Medicine, Rostock, Germany — one of the first researchers to use Coenzyme Q10 and selenium supplements to treat heart disease patients.
The word Energy in the title refers to the bioenergetics role of Coenzyme Q10 in the cells, and the word Defense in the title refers to the antioxidant role of Coenzyme Q10 in quenching harmful free radicals and protecting the body from oxidative damage. In his introduction, Dr. Littarru remembered and paid tribute to the pioneers in Coenzyme Q10 research: Dr. Morton, Dr. Peter Mitchell, Dr. Yuichi Yamamura, and Dr.
Per Langsjoen. Svend Aage Mortensen wrote the text on the inside of the book jacket. For many years, Dr. Littarru has been a professor teaching biochemistry to medical students. Until recently, he has served as the chairman of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association. His primary research interest has always been biomedical research on Coenzyme Q Mortensen and a team of researchers enrolled 45 hypercholesterolemia patients in a randomized, double-blind study [69].
The researchers measured serum levels of Coenzyme Q10 and cholesterol at baseline and at the end of the study. They found significant cholesterol-dose-related declines in the serum concentrations of Coenzyme Q10 in both the pravastatin group and the lovastatin group. Mortensen concluded that the cholesterol inhibiting statin medications are safe and effective in the short run; however, he also noted that there is a need to monitor patients to see if the lowering of Coenzyme Q10 becomes increasingly important during long-term use of statin medications.
In , one of Dr. The results of the meta-analysis showed that adjunctive treatment of heart failure patients with Coenzyme Q10 significantly improved the following parameters:. The beneficial effects of Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive treatment of heart failure were beginning to be well-documented. Folkers died of a heart attack caused by a blood clot. In Sweden, he had been trying to set up clinical studies of the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of cancer patients.
Folkers had served as the editor of the proceedings of the International Symposium on Coenzyme Q published by Elsevier, Inc. Gian Paolo Littarru took over as editor of the symposium proceedings.
Also in , Dr. Gian Paolo Littarru, Dr. The quality of those two preparations are identical. During the period October 11 — 15, , the International Coenzyme Q10 Association held its 8 th international conference. The conference, organized by Professor Dr. Giorgio Lenaz, Dr. Maria Luisa Genova, Professor Dr.
Anna Ida Falasca and Professor Dr. As the 20 th century drew to a close, Singh and Chopra reported on the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction [85].
The Coenzyme Q10 treatment yielded significant improvements in angina pectoris, total arrhythmias, and left ventricular function. Moreover, the Coenzyme Q10 treatment was associated with significantly lower cardiac events such as cardiac death and nonfatal second heart attacks. There was a greater reduction in lipid peroxides, indicators of oxidative stress, in the treatment group than in the placebo group.
The study results indicate that supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 can provide protective benefits in patients with acute myocardial infarctions if the Coenzyme Q10 is administered within 3 days of the onset of symptoms.
As he looked forward to the 21 st century, Dr. He thought that energy starvation of the heart muscle cells is a dominant feature of the heart failure condition. The link between a deficiency of Coenzyme Q10 in blood and tissue and the severity of heart failure had been established. Coenzyme Q10 was a logical adjunct treatment for heart failure patients. It had only very seldom side effects, which, if they occurred, were mild. Several randomized controlled trials enrolling altogether more than heart failure patients had shown that Coenzyme Q10 adjuvant treatment positively affects clinical parameters, lowers NYHA class, improves exercise capacity, and reduces the need for hospitalization [68].
The 21 st century in Coenzyme Q10 research started slowly. The really big randomized controlled trials, the KiSel study [3] and the Q-Symbio study [70], were still in the planning stage. But there were some interesting results, nonetheless, in the first years of the s. One question that remained to be answered was the question of whether Coenzyme Q10 is safe to use in patients taking the anti-coagulant Coumadin warfarin.
Engelsen and a team of Danish researchers tested the effect of a daily dosage of milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 for four weeks on 24 patients who were on long-term warfarin medication [17].
The mean dosage of the warfarin treatment did not change during the treatment period; The researchers concluded that Coenzyme Q10 does not influence the clinical effect of warfarin. A couple of years later, Zhou reported research results in rats that indicated that supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 did not have an effect on the absorption and distribution of warfarin but did produce a significant increase in the total serum clearance of warfarin [93].
As a matter of caution, patients taking an anti-coagulant should consult with the prescribing physician before taking Coenzyme Q10 supplements. The Coenzyme Q10 could make hitting anticoagulation targets more difficult, and that is difficult enough as it is. Mortensen began to prepare the bio-chemical rationale and the design and the end-points for a multinational clinical trial: the Q-SYMBIO clinical trial, a study with focus on the SYMptoms, BIomarker status, and long-term Outcomes notably hospitalizations and mortality of supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 [68,70].
The first thing Dr. Mortensen did was review the existing 13 well-designed studies, the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [68].
It is registered in an EU country and is used in scientific studies. SelenoPrecise is also registered in the EU, both in a pharmaceutical edition and as a dietary supplement. The researchers enrolled elderly persons aged 70 — 88 years who could be expected to fulfill a study period of five years.
The researchers enrolled participants but excluded any elderly individuals who met any of the following exclusion criteria:. The intervention period for each enrolled participant was to be 4 years. Blood samples and cardiac natriuretic peptide levels were analyzed at the beginning, at every six months, and at the end of the study. Echocardiograms were analyzed at the start and the end of the study.
The study ended in February, The KiSel study had a gold standard design: it was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The results of the KiSel study were reported in several medical journal articles in the period — More about the results of the KiSel study later in this history. At the same time that Dr. Mortensen was writing the biochemical rationale for the Q-Symbio study, Dr.
Franklin L. Rosenfeldt of the Cardiac Surgical Research Unit, Alfred Hospital and Baker Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was doing a systematic review of the effect of Coenzyme Q10 on cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and exercise performance [78]. Rosenfeldt, Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Australia, has been accumulating laboratory and clinical evidence of the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 treatment of various cardiovascular disorders for many years.
Rosenfeldt was one of primary researchers in the Q-Symbio study. Rosenfeldt and his colleagues reported on their own three-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of Coenzyme Q10 therapy in 35 patients with class II and class III heart failure. The intervention with Coenzyme Q10 yielded a threefold increase in the blood Coenzyme Q10 levels in the treated group; there was no increase in the placebo group.
The patients treated with Coenzyme Q10 showed a statistically significant improvement of one-half NYHA functional class, compared with patients in the placebo group. They also showed significant improvement in their Specific Activities Scale class and in their C-min walk-test distances. The researchers noted a positive correlation between increases in serum Coenzyme Q10 concentrations and increases in exercise time [43]. That is the level needed in serum to have a sufficiently high concentration for the Coenzyme Q10 to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
Together with Dr. At baseline, the median serum CoQ10 concentration in the volunteers was 1. The increases in the two Coenzyme Q10 treatment groups were significantly different from the slight decrease of 0. Moreover, the supplementation-caused changes in serum Coenzyme Q10 concentrations were found to be independent of differences in baseline serum levels, age, or body weight.
In sum, supplementation with 30 milligrams per day brought the median serum Coenzyme Q10 level up to 1. Clearly, a daily dosage of milligrams or more per day was indicated for future clinical trials. A team of Italian Coenzyme Q10 researchers enrolled 22 patients diagnosed with reduced sperm motility mean age 31 years in a 6-month-long open, uncontrolled pilot study [9].
They documented a significant increase in sperm cell motility as well. They proposed that supplementation with Q10 be considered as a treatment option in cases of asthenozoospermia reduced sperm motility. Berman and colleagues at the Rabin Medical Center in Petah Tikva, Israel, enrolled 32 end-stage heart failure patients who were waiting for heart transplants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [10].
The patients received 60 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 or placebo per day in addition to their regular medications. Supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 improved functional status, symptoms, and quality of life in end-stage heart failure patients. The American cardiologist Dr. Langsjoen of Tyler, Texas, evaluated 50 consecutive new cardiology clinic patients who had already been on statin drug therapy for an average of 28 months for possible adverse statin effects muscle pain, fatigue, difficulty breathing, memory loss, and peripheral neuropathy [51].
In the follow-up period, Dr. Langsjoen saw a drop in the prevalence of the symptoms that the patients reported on their initial visits. Heart function in the patients for whom the statin drug therapy had been discontinued either improved or remained stable in the majority of patients.
There were no adverse consequences from the discontinuation of the statin drug therapy. Still looking to improve the uptake of Coenzyme Q10, Dr. Singh of the Halberg Hospital and Research Institute in Moradabad, India, conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for 20 days [86].
Singh, Moesgaard, Littarru, et al summarized the studies of relatively high daily dosages of Coenzyme Q10 [86]. A safety assessment done by Kaneka researchers Hidaka and Hosoe established 12 milligrams of oral Coenzyme Q10 per kilogram of body weight per day as the acceptable daily intake.
The researchers settled on 1, mg per day as a safe upper limit of [30]. Thus, a man weighing pounds 75 kg could, conceivably, take mg calculated as 75 kg times 12 mg of Coenzyme Q10 daily.
Hidaka and Hosoe examined evidence from pharmacokinetic studies that show that orally ingested CoQ10 does not influence the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q10 and does not accumulate in plasma or tissues after the cessation of supplementation [30].
Hidaka and Hosoe concluded that Coenzyme Q10 is highly safe for use as a dietary supplement based on data from preclinical and clinical studies. Soja and Dr. Mortensen published the first meta-analysis of studies of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and heart failure in [81]. The pooled data showed a statistically significant 3. The data also showed a significantly increased cardiac output.
The researchers concluded that supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 enhances systolic function in chronic heart failure. In , the Kaneka company introduced Coenzyme Q10 in its reduced form, ubiquinol, as a commercial product. This move was puzzling for several reasons:. Judy was concerned that some of the marketing claims for ubiquinol supplements were factual but not functionally important and that other marketing claims for ubiquinol supplements were more fabrication than fact.
Judy stated, with respect to the new ubiquinol products, that consumers of Coenzyme Q10 supplements should take certain factors into consideration. Among these factors, he listed the lack of a documented superior absorption, the known instability in the stomach, the absence of clinical trials documenting health effects, and the higher cost of the ubiquinol products.
The above-pictured graph shows Dr. Judy's and Dr. Following the ingestion of ubiquinol, the CoQ10 begins to be converted to ubiquinone in the stomach because of the high hydrogen ion concentration.
In the small intestine, the CoQ10 is almost entirely in the form of ubiquinone. In the distal lymph duct, the CoQ10 is, initially, in the ubiquinone form. The absorbed ubiquinone then begins to be converted to ubiquinol. These data show the redox conversion of ubiquinol to ubiquinone in the stomach and small intestine and the conversion from ubiquinone to ubiquinol in the lymph ducts on the way to the systemic circulation. Sarah L. We've contacted BlackBerry to find out if the price and release date is accurate, and we've also asked why the Q10 is set to come in at a higher price than the Z We'll update you if we get anything back.
John joined TechRadar a decade ago as Staff Writer for Phones, and over the years has built up a vast knowledge of the tech industry. Originally specializing in phones, tablets and wearables, John is now TechRadar's resident automotive expert, reviewing the latest and greatest EVs and PHEVs on the market. I have been a BlackBerry user since over 4 years, upgraded to Q10 since 8 months now.. I see many reviewers have reviewed the product without even using it.
This is preposterous. Blackberry 10 Models work on normal carrier charges"The price of Blackberry 10 Models has been greatly reduced, so your reviews have become obsolete, anyway. The other thing that's become obsolete is that BlackBerrys don't have any apps. Now coming to this device.. Blackberry always had a elegant build quality for its mobiles and in these years, it has only been improvised and got better.
The Q10 is and excellent piece of work and the phone looks perfect and feels perfect once you get it in hands. The metallic finishing on the phone gives it a premium look which everyone will like for sure. Compared to the slim and slimmest mobiles available, the Q10 is bit thicker which also gives in a better grip and lets you feel the phone better. The phone does what it is intended to and that too with complete accuracy.
Its super-intuitive, its extremely well designed for even not-so-smart people to get well-organized. Blackberry Hub is fascinating. And, with the latest BB You can download all Android apps with Amazon App store. Granted, there are less apps but every serious organization don't forget to provide apps for Blackberry.
Yet, sometimes I honestly wish BB has atleast half the number of developers Android got. Unlike Google Play and Apple App world, BB has serious scrutiny over publishing Apps which reduces Apps number but increase more secure and stable apps. So, its worth it. There are absolutely no lags while running the apps or the phone. It got 8MP Camera, which good enough for a decent photo shot and with most sophisticated image stabilization algorithms, this beast can capture perfect photo's in motion too.
The battery is pretty good for a smartphone which will last a whole day if the usage is heavy with the phone and on a normal usage with the data service turned on, you'll certainly get 2 days.
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